D. Trump's return to the White House and his tariff threats against Mexico and Canada, suspended until March, could jeopardise the USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement), a trade agreement signed in 2018 that replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 2020. NAFTA, the first free trade agreement between developed and emerging countries, came into force in 1994, creating the world's...

China has released fourth-quarter and full-year 2024 growth figures and announced that its 5% target has been met. The consensus of economists, who were not expecting such a performance, found these numbers – even thought they were positive – "surprising".

While China achieving its growth target is nothing new, the slowdown in a number of sectors (e.g. real estate and consumer goods) and the deflationary...

Economic activity in France quickened in Q3 2024, with quarterly growth coming in at 0.4%, compared with 0.2% in Q1 and Q2. This uptick is explained by the Paris Olympic and Paralympic Games, estimated to have added 0.2 percentage points to Q3 growth. At the end of Q3, carry-over growth for 2024 was 1.1%. 

The economy is not expected to have grown at all in Q4 2024 due to the boost from the Paris...

The downward revision of our forecasts for the German economy is in line with the preliminary estimate of a 0.2% contraction in GDP in 2024. Activity in the first three quarters of 2024 was supported in particular by public consumption, despite limited budgetary resources. Household consumption, on the other hand, weighed on growth. Households switched to savings because of low consumer confidence in a...

2025 is expected to be the third consecutive year of weak growth since the strong post-Covid recovery. Although the effects of the inflationary shock are starting to dissipate, with inflation under control, a more expansionary monetary policy and an upturn in household consumption, headwinds are likely to continue to penalise activity, with GDP expected to rise by only 0.6% after 0.5% in 2024. With...

Facing the relative slowdown in the US economy, growth in the Eurozone accelerated slightly over the summer, although still at a much lower rate than in the United States (0.9% year-on-year).

The upturn in household consumption seen over the summer bodes well for slightly stronger growth next year. The latest information on investment does not plead in favour of a marked acceleration. We have revised our...

The UK economy is on course to slow sharply in H2-24. Real GDP was stable in Q3 against our expectation for an increase (0.3% QoQ) after 0.4% QoQ in Q2. Business surveys deteriorated during Q4. Furthermore, financial conditions have tightened since the Autumn Budget 2024 and quite meaningfully so since the beginning 2025: gilt yields have risen sharply (around 60bp since October) and sterling has...

The Spanish economy managed to maintain a robust growth rate until Q3 2024 despite multiple headwinds, including weakness in the eurozone economies, persistently high inflation and the impact of past interest rate hikes. Behind this good performance are several key factors, including the solid performance of the labour market, continued high immigration and positive international tourism data, which once...

While Brazil's growth performance has been quite remarkable, its success has been overshadowed by persistent fiscal concerns. At a time when the currency is already weakened by an unfavorable international context, fiscal uncertainty is accentuating the depreciation of the Brazilian real (BRL/USD), which in turn is tending to reinforce the inflationary pressures seen since May. 

The election of Javier Milei as President who took office in December 2023 have made 2024 a year of radical change. The results of his fiscal austerity, aimed at ending monetary financing, and his management of the peso are both impressive (budget surplus, important disinflation) and mechanical (progress on the inflation and external accounts fronts can also be explained by the recession). Reducing...